Can Ovarian Cysts Affect Your Fertility?

Key Takeaways

• The term “ovarian cyst” covers both normal cysts, which are part of the menstrual cycle, and abnormal ones. 
• Many cysts don’t affect your fertility, but some can, like those related to endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
• To diagnose ovarian cysts, doctors typically use a pelvic exam, an ultrasound, and occasionally a blood test. The treatment plan will depend on the cyst's type, size, and the symptoms you experience.
• If you have concerns about ovarian cysts or are experiencing pelvic pain or heaviness, consult your doctor. 
• It’s important to see a fertility specialist if you've been trying to conceive for over a year without success. Women aged 35 to 39 should seek advice after six months, and those 40 and older should get help right away.

What Are Ovarian Cysts?

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs in the ovary. Each month, as part of a normal menstrual cycle, a cyst forms to help release an egg. This cyst, known as a “corpus luteum,” makes estrogen and progesterone to support a potential pregnancy. If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the cyst dissolves, and the cycle begins again. So, finding cysts in the ovary is normal and a sign of a functioning reproductive system.

However, “ovarian cyst” can also refer to abnormal growths, so understanding the specific type of cyst is essential.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts fall into two categories: functional and non-functional. Let’s break them down below.

Functional Cysts

These are the most common and usually resolve on their own. They form as part of the normal menstrual cycle, either when a follicle doesn’t release an egg or when the corpus luteum fills with fluid instead of shrinking.

Non-Functional

These cysts aren't connected to the menstrual cycle and can be more concerning since they don't produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

They include:

• Simple Cysts: Formed when the egg isn’t released. Usually clear fluid-filled and often resolve on their own.
• Dermoid Cysts: Contain hair, skin, or teeth. Usually benign.
• Endometriomas: Grow from uterine tissue in the ovary, causing pain and potentially affecting fertility.
• Cystadenomas: Large, fluid-filled cysts that are typically benign – but can be cancerous up to 25% of the time according to one study. 
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder with multiple small cysts on the ovaries, leading to symptoms like irregular periods, acne, and hair loss. Common cause of infertility.
• Paraovarian Cysts: Develop near, but not on, the ovary.
• Ovarian Cancer Cysts: Some cancers present as cysts with distinct patterns seen in ultrasounds.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Most ovarian cysts don’t cause symptoms and often go unnoticed, since they're usually a normal part of the female reproductive system. However, when a cyst grows too large or ruptures, it can lead to uncomfortable symptoms such as:

• Sporadic pelvic pain that can vary from dull to sharp, felt below the belly button
• Pressure or heaviness in the abdomen
• Bloating

Conditions like endometriosis can lead to non-functional ovarian cysts, resulting in menstrual irregularities, pain during intercourse or urination, changes in hair texture or quantity, acne, and other symptoms.

It's challenging to estimate how often ovarian cysts occur since many don't cause symptoms and go undiagnosed. However, one study shows that by age 65, around 4% of women will be hospitalized due to ovarian cysts.

Treating Ovarian Cysts

Most functional cysts resolve on their own, so a "watchful waiting" approach is often recommended. If discomfort arises, over-the-counter pain relievers can help. For large, persistent, or fertility-affecting cysts, surgical removal might be necessary.

When to Consult a Specialist

If you have persistent pain, missed or irregular periods, or any discomfort, it's important to see a fertility specialist to get your concerns addressed.

Professional guidance from a fertility expert is also essential if you've been trying to conceive for more than a year without success. Women aged 35 to 39 should seek expert advice after six months, and those 40 and older should reach out immediately. Our compassionate team is here to support you on your journey.

This article includes general information and should not replace personalized, expert medical advice. Always consult a reproductive medicine specialist for an accurate diagnosis and tailored recommendations.